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Liquid Metal 

Liquid Metal Alloy - (Gallium, Indium, Tin)

Starting at: $25.00

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Liquid Metal Alloy
metal alloy: Ga, In, Sn
( liquid )
This absolutely amazing metal is liquid at room temperature. Its melting temperature is 51°F!
It is an alloy of Gallium, Indium and Tin. We cannot call this 'Galinstan' because that is a trademark of another company - but this alloy is very similar to it and its properties. Unlike toxic Mercury, this liquid metal alloy is much safer to use.

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It is being considered for use as a coolant in fusion reactors and other cutting edge physics applications and experiments. It does not exhibit the high surface tension of Mercury, so it does not 'bead up' like Mercury does. The surface tension of this alloy is very low. Because of this, it 'wets' glass and similar materials. It will form a mirror just by pouring some on glass, and is used in liquid metal telescopes. A fascinating material to experiment with.

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We have a large amount of this material and can fill any need you have for it.
Supplied in stick-resistant HDPE bottles. Available in 10 gram, 20 gram, 50 gram, 100 gram and 1 Kg quantities.
Select container size below.

MSDS ( Material Safety Data Sheet )

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Galinstan metal alloy and other liquid metals Galinstan is a silvery liquid eutectic mixture of gallium, indium and tin, made by Geratherm. It has a melting point of Tm=−20°C, Tb>1300 ºC,ρ=6440 kg/m3 , sound speed 2950 m/s, viscosity 0.0024 Pa∙s at 20 ºC.

 

They are much more viscous than Hg. In 2003, ¼ of silvery thermometers use galinstan instead of mercury. Any alloy containing gallium in a concentration of 65-95 wt.-%, indium in a concentration of 5-22 wt.-% and tin in a concentration of 0-11 wt.-%, can be used for thermometers, but ample margin must be allowed to avoid shatter by freezing; e.g. Tm<−10°C.

 

There can be other liquid metals at room temperature, as Na-K 22/78%wt eutectic alloy, with Tm=-12.6 ºC, Tb=785 ºC, ρL=866 kg/m3 at 20 ºC (at 100 ºC, ρL=855 kg/m3 , αL=340∙10-6 1/K, cL=936 J/(kg∙K), kL=23 W/(m∙K), µL=505∙10-6 Pa∙s, σL=115∙10-3 N/m and σele=2.5∙106 S/m, i.e. 4% that of Cu). It is used for high-temperature heat-transfer fluid, catalyst, reagent in petrochemical processing, electricallyactivated hydraulic fluid. It is a silver-coloured liquid metal, odourless and corrosive. It reacts violently with water, liberating and igniting flammable hydrogen gas, perhaps explosively.

 

After exposure to air, may form yellow potassium superoxide which reacts violently and explosively with organics. It must be stored in a dry N2 or Ar atmosphere, or better under oil.

Non-metal liquid thermometers (spirit thermometers) There are several kinds of non-mercury thermometers, but their usefulness is limited by the temperature range allowed, i.e. it should not freeze or vaporise at normal temperatures (−10 ºC..110 ºC). Possible working liquids are:

 

• Red-dyed: alcohol, toluene, pentane, xylene, kerosene (some 1 g of liquid plus <0.03 g of aniline dye). • Blue-dyed: isoamyl benzoate (pale-yellow, C12H16O2, M=0.192 kg/mol, ρ=990 kg/m3 , Tm=??, Tb=261 ºC, Tflash=95 ºC, biodegradable).

 

• Dark-green-dyed: monoazo-anthroquinone dissolved in some natural oil and dyed. Occasionally, the fluid in spirit thermometers will separate during storage and/or shipping, but this is a correctable problem. The two methods described below can be used. Remember to wear hand and eye protection when you perform either of these correction procedures.

 

• Heating Method: Holding the thermometer in an upright position and away from your face, heat it suspended in warming liquid or in hot air from a hair dryer (never from a flame!) just until the separated portion of the column enters the expansion chamber at the top of the thermometer (some 130 ºC).

 

Be very careful and stop heating as soon as the fluid enters the expansion chambers. Over-filling the expansion chamber will break the thermometer. Now, while keeping the thermometer in an upright position, tap it gently against the surface of a rubber stopper. This should allow the gas separating the column to rise above the column. Allow the thermometer to cool slowly and store it in an upright position.

 

• Cooling Method: Keeping the thermometer upright, place only the thermometer bulb in a solution of shaved ice and salt or dry ice and alcohol. Allow the liquid column to retreat into the bulb, and then swing the thermometer in an arc. This should release the trapped gas and permit it to escape above the column.

 

Allow the thermometer to slowly return to room temperature and store it in an upright position.

Liquid metal pump a breakthrough for micro-fluidics

RMIT University researchers in Melbourne, Australia, have developed the world's first liquid metal enabled pump, a revolutionary new micro-scale device with no mechanical parts.

The unique design will enable micro-fluidics and lab-on-a-chip technology to finally realise their potential, with applications ranging from biomedicine to biofuels.

The research has been published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Lead investigator Dr Khashayar Khoshmanesh, a Research Fellow in the Centre for Advanced Electronics and Sensors at RMIT, said currently there was no easy way to drive liquid around a fluidic chip in micro-fabricated systems.

"Lab-on-a-chip systems hold great promise for applications such as biosensing and blood analysis but they currently rely on cumbersome, large-scale external pumps, which significantly limit design possibilities," he said.

"Our unique pump enabled by a single droplet of liquid metal can be easily integrated into a micro device, has no mechanical parts and is both energy efficient and easy to produce or replace.

"Just as integrated micro-electronics has revolutionised the way that we process information – enabling the development of computers and smart phones – integrated micro-fluidics has the potential to revolutionise the way we process chemicals and manipulate bio-particles at the micro-scale.

 

"This innovation shows that micro- and nano-scale pumping can be accomplished with a simple system – a crucial advance for the field of micro-fluidics."

The design uses droplets of Galinstan – a non-toxic liquid metal alloy comprised of gallium, indium and tin – as the core of a pumping system to induce flows of liquid in looped channels.

When the alloy is activated by applying a voltage, the charge distribution along the surface is altered. This propels the surrounding liquid without moving the Galinstan droplet through the loop, using a process called "continuous electrowetting".

The pump is highly controllable, with the flow rate adjusted simply by altering the frequency, magnitude and waveform of the applied signal. The flow direction can also be readily reversed by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage.

Explore further

Stabilisation of microdroplets using ink jet process

More information: Shi-Yang Tang, Khashayar Khoshmanesh, Vijay Sivan, Phred Petersen, Anthony P. O'Mullane, Derek Abbott, Arnan Mitchell, and Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh. "Liquid metal enabled pump." PNAS 2014 ; published ahead of print February 18, 2014, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319878111

Journal information: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

A Gallium-Based Magnetocaloric Liquid Metal Ferrofluid

Isabela A. de Castro†, Adam F. Chrimes†, Ali Zavabeti†, Kyle J. Berean†, Benjamin J. Carey†, Jincheng Zhuang‡, Yi Du‡ , Shi X. Dou‡, Kiyonori Suzuki§, Robert A. Shanks∥ , Reece Nixon-Luke⊥, Gary Bryant⊥, Khashayar Khoshmanesh†, Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh*† , and Torben Daeneke*† 

† School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia

‡ Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia

§ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

∥ School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia

⊥ Centre for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia

Nano Lett., 2017, 17 (12), pp 7831–7838

DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04050

Publication Date (Web): November 2, 2017

Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society

*E-mail: torben.daeneke@rmit.edu.au., *E-mail: kourosh.kalantar@rmit.edu.au

We demonstrate a magnetocaloric ferrofluid based on a gadolinium saturated liquid metal matrix, using a gallium-based liquid metal alloy as the solvent and suspension medium.

 

The material is liquid at room temperature, while exhibiting spontaneous magnetization and a large magnetocaloric effect. The magnetic properties were attributed to the formation of gadolinium nanoparticles suspended within the liquid gallium alloy, which acts as a reaction solvent during the nanoparticle synthesis.

 

High nanoparticle weight fractions exceeding 2% could be suspended within the liquid metal matrix. The liquid metal ferrofluid shows promise for magnetocaloric cooling due to its high thermal conductivity and its liquid nature.

Magnetic and thermoanalytic characterizations reveal that the developed material remains liquid within the temperature window required for domestic refrigeration purposes, which enables future fluidic magnetocaloric devices. Additionally, the observed formation of nanometer-sized metallic particles within the supersaturated liquid metal solution has general implications for chemical synthesis and provides a new synthetic pathway toward metallic nanoparticles based on highly reactive rare earth metals.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04050?src=recsys&journalCode=nalefd

Electrostatic Charge Generation - In Hydraulic and Lubrication Systems

Mike Day, Pall Corporation Leonard Bensch, Pall Corporation

Electrostatic charge generation occurs in fluid systems as a result of friction between the fluid and system components. The magnitude of charge depends on many interrelated factors, including the environment.

Charges can occur during filtration of hydraulic and lubricating fluids as well as diesel and gasoline fuels. This effect manifests itself in several ways, the most obvious being an audible noise (clicking sound) as discharge of electrostatic charge accumulation causes sparking internally within the system.

Less apparent effects involve migration of the electrical charge downstream of the filter when the charge dissipates by discharging itself to a grounded surface.

This article discusses the mechanisms of electrostatic charge generation, and the factors that influence both the generation and dissipation of the charge.

Electrostatic Charge Generation in Liquid Systems

Electrostatic charge is generated in a number of ways whenever there is friction between two bodies moving relative to one another.

Charge generation occurs in liquid systems on the molecular level at the interface of any two unlike materials, so a static charge will be generated in any moving fluid, with positive or negative charges moving from the fluid onto the bounding surface. The causes of electrostatic charging include the following examples:

  • Friction caused by fluid flowing in pipes

  • High fluid velocities

  • Fluids flowing in ungrounded pipes and hoses

  • Passage of fluids through filter elements or other microporous structures

  • Generated by turbulence in the liquids and by pumping elements, especially centrifugal pumps

  • Fluid discharging on to the free surface of the reservoir

  • When free air is present in the liquid, for example, in bearing and paper machine return lines

  • Imparted into the liquid when component surfaces sliding is relative to one another

Fluid acquires a charge when it flows through a pipe or microporous structure, and when this charge is carried downstream, it’s called a streaming current (Figure 1).

Backup_200511_tech-electro-fig1.jpg

Figure 1. Streaming Current

In pipeline flow, the streaming current will be discharged back to the pipe walls, reservoir or component surfaces, and the discharge rate is controlled by the characteristics of the fluid and its additives. This charge relaxation is described by the equations below:

Backup_200511_tech-electro-fig1.gif

where:

Qt = charge at time t

Qo = initial charge

t = charge relaxation time constant (representing 37 percent charge decay)

E = dielectric constant of liquid (approximately 2 for oils)

E0 = absolute dielectric constant of a vacuum (8.854 x 10 - 12 F/m)

K = fluid rest conductivity (pS/m)

If the component walls are conductive, then a charge will be induced on the walls, which is of opposite polarity to the fluid. If the exterior surface is grounded, the net charge will be zero. If not, the charge will accumulate to eventually discharge.

This will generate an electrostatic discharge where the charge discharges to a surface at lower voltage. In doing so, it can generate a high-energy spark. If the discharge occurs in air, the results can be both spectacular and potentially harmful (Figure 2).

Electrostatic discharge usually manifests itself as a clicking sound as charge repeatedly increases and discharges to surfaces of lower voltage (usually earth or ground) through sparking. The clicking frequency depends on the charging rate.

Clearly, if the discharge occurs in a flammable atmosphere the effect can be serious, but these instances are rare. A discharge within the system is usually short-lived and extinguished by the hydraulic fluid. This can result in etching of the discharged surface, perhaps removing microscopic particles and leaving carbon deposits on the surface.

There is also evidence that localized discharge can result from lubricated surfaces, especially in geared and bearing systems with a high air content. This can contribute to pitting of surfaces.

Charging in Hydrocarbon Filtration

Many investigators have studied electrostatic charge generation during filtration of liquid hydrocarbons. The charge generated may be either positive or negative, depending on the fixed charge of the filter material and the fluid used.

Due to the relatively low conductivity of hydrocarbon liquids, these charges are carried downstream and accumulate without immediate discharge. The amount of charge generated by the flow of a hydrocarbon liquid and filtration is related to several fluid and filter properties.

Charge generation typically strengthens with increasing flow, reducing fluid conductivity, with certain additive packages and with increasing viscosity. Charge accumulation increases with lower oil conductivity, lower temperatures and higher viscosities.

In the filter housing, the charge of the filter will be opposite in sign to that of the fluid, and the charges induced on the system will be opposite accordingly.

The charge on the fluid will be transmitted downstream, and if enough charge is accumulated, the fluid can discharge to a conductive part of the filtration system that is potentially lower in magnitude, therefore damaging that part of the system. The extent of damage depends on the material involved.

If the filter is made of nonconductive material, it will acquire a charge when the fluid charges. The charge will not be able to dissipate or relax into the filtration system due to the high resistivity of the material. The filter will act as a capacitor and charge until the voltage is great enough to overcome the gap and discharge to a lower potential.

If the filter is charged with a high enough voltage, it can discharge to the metal parts of the filter assembly housing, causing surface damage to the housing, burn marks and other damage to the filter element. A clicking or rattling sound in the filter housing caused by sparking indicates this cycle of charging and discharging.

In many cases, the filtration system, including the piping, reservoir and filter housing is grounded to alleviate the dangers of static charge buildup. Using a grounded system prevents the sparking of the system to nearby conductors; however, grounding the system will not prevent the charging of the filter material or fluid, nor will it accelerate the process of discharge.

Various attempts have been made to alleviate the potential of static charge accumulation in filtration systems, namely:

  • Use an antistatic additive. Such additives will increase the fluid conductivity, thereby accelerating the rate of charge relaxation. Antistatic additives have been successfully used for a long time in fuel systems but have not been approved by oil manufacturers for use in hydraulic and lube systems. Additives on the market are intended for fuel systems.

  • Reduce the charge exiting the filter by adding a conductive mesh downstream of the filter material which discharges some of the filter material’s charge. However, not all of the fluid’s charge is discharged because the mesh opening cannot be too small or it will restrict the flow.

  • Reduce the flow density in the filter material by increasing the filter size. This will reduce the charge generated, as it is a function of flow density, and is perhaps the easiest of these options. However, it is not practical in all cases.

  • Increase the time for the charge to decay. This will necessitate an increase in the time between successive charge generators by additional piping or increase the overall system time constant using an extra reservoir. This is an effective but costly solution.

Influence of Fluid Conductivity

As in the discussion regarding charge decay, it is noted that the decay time depends mostly on the conductivity of the fluid. Industrial lube oils are usually highly refined oils with a low concentration of additives, and as a result, generally have low conductivities.

Hydraulic oils, on the other hand, traditionally have a high conductivity due to the use of metallic-based additives like zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), so that charge carried by the oil is generally dissipated as it passes around the system. The accumulated charge generally remains at a level where discharge is not experienced.

Environmental concerns have stimulated developments in both oils and filters. The concern about oil leakage has resulted in the increased use of synthetic oils and those having nonmetallic antiwear additives, usually based upon sulfur-phosphorous chemistry.

These oils can have low conductivities, with some lower than insulating oils used in transformers and switch gears as seen in Table 1. The lower conductivity means that the charge generated may not be dissipated sufficiently, increasing the accumulated charge level and hence the likelihood of discharge.

stanley meyer epg fluid.png

As a comparison, for aviation fuels, ASTM D4865 provides recommended limits on conductivity to prevent any chance of spark ignition. As an example, some military specifications require a fuel conductivity of 100 to 700 pS/m.

Filter elements are being made so that they are more easily disposed of by crushing and incineration and without the need for metal streaming, as the supporting core/shroud is contained within the housing and not the element. This has meant an increased use of polymers in filters and can result in a higher accumulated charge.

The combination of lower conductivity and higher accumulated charge has resulted in an increase in static discharge, namely a clicking noise as the charge discharges to the metal surfaces downstream of the filtration medium and burn marks on the plastic end caps and downstream polymeric drainage mesh.

It was the increased static discharge activity that prompted Pall Corporation to investigate the subject and conduct research on filter materials that would result in a lower charge. This development will be discussed in an upcoming issue of Practicing Oil Analysis magazine.

References

  1. Huber, P. and Sonin, A. “Theory of Charging in Liquid Hydrocarbon Fluids.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 61, 109, (1977).

  2. Bensch, L. “Controlling Static Charge Effects with the Multi-Pass Test Through the Use Of an Alternative Fluid.” Presented to ISO TC131/SC8/WG9, (May 1993).

  3. Solomon, T. "Harmful Effects of Electrostatic Charges on Machinery and Lubricating Oils.” Institute of Petroleum, London, UK, (March 1959).

  4. Leonard, J. and Carhart, H. “Effect of Conductivity on Charge Generation in Hydrocarbon Fuels Flowing through Fiber Glass Filters.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 32, 383, (1970).

  5. Huber, P. and Sonin, A. “Electric Charging in Liquid Hydrocarbon Filtration: A Comparison of Theory and Experiments.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 61, 126, (1977).

  6. Bustin, W.. and Dukek, W. Electrostatic Hazards in the Petroleum Industry. Research Studies Press Ltd., England , (1983).

  7. ASTM D4865-91. "Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems." American Society for Testing and Materials, (1991).

About the Author

Mike Day


About the Author

Leonard Bensch

Practicing Oil Analysis (11/2005)

Physicists pin down graphite’s magnetism

08 Oct 2009 Isabelle Dumé

graphite1.jpg

Physicists in the Netherlands have confirmed that graphite is a permanent magnet at room temperature and have pinpointed where the high-temperature ferromagnetism comes from for the first time. The result could be important for a variety of applications in nanotechnology and engineering, such as biosensors, detectors and in spintronics.

Graphite is made up of stacks of individual carbon sheets (graphene) and is the familiar form of carbon found in pencils. Although ferromagnetism in graphite has been observed before, it has been difficult to understand where the weak magnetic signals come from. Indeed, some scientists believe that it might originate from tiny amounts of iron-rich impurities in the material, rather than from the carbon itself.

Now, Kees Flipse and colleagues at Eindhoven University of Technology and colleagues at Radboud University Nijmegen have shown that the magnetism occurs in the defect regions between the carbon layers. They did so using magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), which allowed them to measure magnetic and electronic properties with nanometre (10-9 m) resolution.

Surface and bulk measurements

Magnetic microscopy scans a very sharp magnetic tip over a surface and measures the magnetic forces between sample and tip. This revealed ferromagnetism at defects on the graphite surface. For bulk measurements, Flipse’s team also employs a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer – the most sensitive way to measure magnetic fields today.

Graphite consists of well ordered areas of carbon atoms separated by 2 nm wide boundaries of defects. The researchers found that the electrons in the defect regions behave differently to those in the ordered areas and instead resemble electrons in ferromagnetic materials, like iron and cobalt (see figure). They also discovered that the grain boundary regions in the individual carbon sheets are magnetically coupled and form 2D networks. This coupling explains why graphite is a permanent magnet.

“Pure, perfect single-crystal graphite is not a permanent magnet, but the situation changes when you create defects in the material,” Flipse told physicsworld.com. “Single defects in the graphite lattice behave as magnetic dipoles, similar to those in ferromagnetic atoms like iron.”

Biocompatible sensors

As well as being of fundamental interest, magnetic graphite will be important in engineering and nanotechnology. For example, it could be used to make biosensors, since carbon is biocompatible. It could also pave the way for carbon-based spintronics applications – devices that exploit the spin of an electron as well as its charge.

The Netherlands team will now study the role of defects in graphene to better understand the origins of the magnetism. “From a theoretical point of view, the next step would be to investigate the atomic and electronic structure of the grain boundaries in detail, and to develop a complete quantitative theory of the related magnetism,” said Flipse.

The results are reported in Nature Physics.

Stanley A Meyer Ferrofluid Selection in EPG Devices

The presence of ferrofluids in the series of photos released by Don Gabel shows a bottle of  EFH-1
at the L3 storage unit.

One of the papers that was going to be presented at the 2020 Bremen Conference gave some conclusions about
selection process that Stan might have used in choosing the EFH series

Some charts follow:

Chart (c)2019
1.  A chart showing  Saturation Magnetization vs Magnetic Particle Concentration of EMG Oil Based Ferrofluids
     There is a direct linear relationship between how much magnetic saturation (strength) and the  percent of
     magnetite in suspension
       '
2.  Although the Ms vs % magnetite is linear, the rheological  ("thickness or viscosity" characteristics are not.
     At concentrations of more than 10% magnetite, there is a rapid increase in viscosity.

3   FerroTech(r) only had 2  viscosity Educational Ferrofluids EFH at the time of Stan Meyer's research EFH1 and EFH-4
     but EFH -1 had the most saturation but was the thinnest of the two choices

4   The EMG series ( a similar Oil Based Ferrofluid) has 5 different types with varied magnetic saturation and
      viscosities so these were examined because a a greater number of data points

It is seen that in the EFH series that the EFH-1 has the highest Ms/ viscosity ratio
In the EMG series EMG-905 has the highest Ms/viscosity ratio

Stan Meyer  was likely looking for a Ferrofluid that maximized Ms in relation to viscosity
If the ferrofluid is too thick it might show greater resistance to pumping
If the ferrofluid is too thin it does not maximize the Ms needed for power generation

There appears to be a "Goldilocks zone" not too thick to pump and not too weak in terms of
the magnetic saturation of flux limits.

For the oil based  (actually  a type of kerosene) ferrofluids having a magnetic susceptibility
of 400 gauss seem to be optimum.in terms of  magnetic susceptibility in relation to viscosity.

That being said is is very likely that ferrofluids were tried in the mechanical drive
EPG and possibly in other EPG types

Stanley A Meyer EPG Ferro Fluid Gas Liqu
Stanley A Meyer EPG Ferro Fluid Gas Liqu
Stanley A Meyer EPG Ferro Fluid Gas Liqu
Stanley A Meyer EPG Ferro Fluid Gas Liqu
Stanley A Meyer EPG Ferro Fluid Gas Liqu
Stanley A Meyer EPG Design Concepts  

« on: November 05, 2021, 23:19:46 pm »

1 number of coils
2 number if turns. (Per coil
3
4 velocity

5. Strength of flux density  CAN BE CALCULATED using the values of  factors 1 though 4 for the six tier EPG

Basic information on the Electrical Particle Generators comes from the followings sources:

REFERENCES

1.  Stanley A. Meyer, Dealership Sales Manual ( First, Second and Third Editions) 1985,1986
2.  High Resolution Photographs of EPGs by Don Gabel                                                                                                                                  Globalkast.com, open-source-energy.com
3   Yahoo Stan Meyer  Interest Group                                                                                                                                                                site no longer available Deercreek Seminar
4.  Index to Electrical Particle Generator. WFC Memo 418                                                                                                                      News REleaseWinter/Spring 86/87 p.2   Free downloads at ionization.com, globalkast.com, open-source-energy-org
6.   Grove City Record July 4 1985,  "Water Fuel Cell considered for Star Wars Program"    ( Picture of Multiple-Tier EPG )
7.   Stanley A. Meyer, Technical Bulletin (First and Second Editions)   Laboratory Copies                                                                             ref LOC
8.   Stanley A. Meyer, The Birth of New Technology  1991,1994,1995 editions  Posted                                                                                   Free downloads at Globalkast.com, Ionizationx.com,  open-source energy.org
11. Private video collections from Michigan, Ohio, California  and a UK Collection                                                                                       From 2 Meyer videographers ,and Michigan, Ohio, and London collections
12. Stanley A Meyer Anthology 1975-2021 (Newspaper, Magazine, Publications, Conference and Laboratory Videos)                                 unpublished by Author
13. Stanley A. Meyer Videography posted at ionizationx.com and open-source-engergy.org Conference and Laboratory Videos)                 unpublished by Author   
15. Multi-Tier EPG                                                                                                                                                                                              Lab Archive Video 1984                                                                                                                                       
16. Canadian Patent           "Electrical Particle Generator"   CA Patent Number 12136ey 71A1                                                                       
17. The EPG  Enigma "      Bremen Conference Handout   image SMEPG022 (C)                                                                                            Stanley Meyer Archive
18.  jpg 175                         2009 Gabel phograph visit                                                                                                                                        Gabel//Orion                   13 June 2009 DSC-0175

Using information from photographs, documents and  using electronic mathematical formulas, operating characteristics of the Electrical Particle Generators (EPG)- may be obtained   Because we know the
design  power output of the multitier system , we can use the 4 values known in a 5 variable EMF transformer equation to come up wit estimates of Betamax and flux values in the magnetic plasma
gas matrix.  If that value is substituted into the single tier systems what would be a calculated voltage and or output value for the single tier systems                                         
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Resistors and Capacitors  not discussed in this articleV

An intrinsic portion of the Stanley Meyer technology had inductors, chokes and coils as important components of devices in the VIC,EPG and other printed circuit boards
Many of Stanley Meyer's patents and publications provide diagrams provide the general description or have line drawings that lack exact component values FOR the capacitors and resistors is much more straightforward using programs that match color code bands on resistors with values and  OCR image data files input cross-matched with component  files based on supplier catalog scans is not discussed here resistors, capacitors , coils and chokes. Fortunately, the high resolution photographs from the L3 storage unit and by Don Gabel, The Orion Project and others allow for many printed circuits to be closely  reconstructed.
   
The following section is related to the photogrammetric analysis of coils and inductors. The values of the capacitors and resistors is much more straightforward using programs that match color code bands on resistors with values and  OCR image data files input cross-matched with component  files based on supplier catalog scans is not discussed here

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COILS AND INDUCTORS


1.Number of  Pick-up Coils   KNOWN

When designing an Electrical Particle Generator ( EPG), the number of turns, number of coils, and the method on connecting  can be varied depending upon the desired output in terms of amps and volts.

For the number of   pick-up coils a visual examination of the high resolution images published by Don  Gabel. provides the needed information.

The following is a listing of  number coils  for the various versions of EPGs from images posted by  Don Gabel

Single tier systems

      Description                     3 channel Coils^     4 channel Coil ^    Total Coils    Core  Turns/tier     Image Metadata/ref                        Date                    File
       
      Mechanical Drive EPG              57                       19                           76                    3.25                     June 2009 jpg   Gabel/Orion              13 Jun 2009       DSC-0178   
                                                                                     
      Magnetic Gas Accelerator          28                       29                           57                    3.5.                     June 2009  jpg   Gabel/Orion              13 June 2009    DSC--
                                                   
      Photon Gas Accelerator               ?                          ?                             ?                     ?                         p .J12 Dealership Sales Manual
                                                                                         .
      Magnetic Spin Accelerator         71                         10                          81                                              June 2009   jpg  Gabel/Orion  files       13 June 2009    DSC-0171                                                                           

      Coil 1.25 cup Coil Assembly       82                          0                          82                 3                           June 2009  jpg  Gabel/Orion files         13 June 2009    DSC-0

* refers to the number of copper turns or channel cores in  the that section of the spiraled copper tubing

Multi-tier Systems
                                                                               
     6-tier Mag Gas Plasma      All 6 tiers had 3.5 core turns grouped in pairs electrically to obtain 3 phase output         Deercreek Seminar image and Laboratory Video Archive
                                           
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2.The Number of Turns )    KNOWN   

To find[ total b] number of winds[on a pickup coil ,two numbers need to be obtained:

1. number of winds that can fit on the length of the pick-up coil bobbin
2. number of layers of windings

. Number of winds per length of coil                                                                                                                                                                       

For coils wound with a single layer of winds, close up inspection of the coils may be sufficient to  directly count the number of windings.  However multiple layer coils requires the use of more advanced techniques using the concept of  Circle Packing Theory 
 
Because high resolution photographs of the electrical particle generators exist, it is possible to estimate the number of turns per length coil by the following means:   

A program such as Screen-caliper (r) or Adobe Photoshop( r) can measure distance or provide pixel counts. Basically the measurements are compared to values from
known components In this manner the size of objects in a picture. are obtained.  Using this method, it was determined that the diameter of the wire used to wind the pick-up coils was 22 gauge wire or  0.025 inch diameter AWG. Thus, if the number of visible turns per coil can be determined and an estimate of the linear length of the coil can be made then by determining the thickness of the winding, an estimate of the number of turns per coil can be calculated.

The actual outside diameter of the tubing  was directly measured by Gabel and so the O..D of pipe used in the spiraled core is known (0.5 inches) with great  precision.

If the cross section area of "winding window" is calculated and the wire gauge known, circle packing theory allows estimates of the number of turns per coil  (N)  to be calculated.

Empirical method

To use the empirical method , bind together 3 sections of copper tubing laid side by side and to physically wrap a coil of suitable length and winding depth. Adding complexity of the problem of the style or type of winding used( i.e. hexagonal, rectangular or random) One can wind more turns on a bobbin if the winding is hexagonal and less if its random because of a larger air space between adjacent winds.



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3.Length of individual pickup Coils[ (L) ) KNOWN
 
The length of the pickup coil (L) is considered to be the linear distance of the core that is occupied by each of the  pickup windings.

Methods of  calculation

1.Approximate method
 
One method would be to determine the circumference of the spiraled core  and divide by the number of observed pickup coils. So, as an example, the  diameter of the spiraled tubing is about 16 inches yielding a circumference of about 51 inches.  Now suppose you counted 25 pickup coils, ( then 51 divided by 25)  would mean that each pickup coils is approximately 2 inches long.

2. More precise method

Now in practice, the length of the coils is more closely approximated by accounting for the length of spiral occupied by dividers and unwrapped length of unwound core. Because the length of the pickup coil (L)will be used in later inductance calculations it is important to obtain a good estimate of its value. For example the pickup coil count for the Mechanical Pum EPG is 57, with  2 unwound sections and sixty spacers. Thus, 1/59th of the circumference of the spiraled core..( 17 time Pi) divided by 59 equalsx0.905 inches.

3. Wire gauge method

Fortunately, the gauge of the wire is known with some precision  Also the number of visible windings times the diameter of the wire can also be used as a cross-check for the  directed length  measurement of the coils.

4. Direct measurement

From measurement of existing devices  or ratio method of comparing pixel length of part the pixel count of anther part whose actual length is known..
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The following section is related to the photogrammetric analysis of coils and inductors. The values of the capacitors and resistors is much more straightforward using programs that match color code bands on resistors with values and  OCR image data files input cross-matched with component  files based on supplier catalog scans is not discussed here
.
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Inductor and Coil Methods 

Method 1. Determine Length  (L) of bobbin, thickness or depth of winding,/the wire gauge and method of winding.
   
The diameter of the outermost EPG channel or loop can be estimated.at  about 17 inches Therefore the outer circumference can be estimated at  17 x Pi inches. By dividing the circumference by the observed number of coils an estimated length of each coil can be made.
.
Method 2

A further refinement in precision can be made by subtraction of  the total length  L occupied by coil spacers. So in the case where you count,  as an example, assuming a diameter of 17 inches, 59 coils and 60 coil end spacers, each winding is 1/59th of the circumference of 53.4 inches or calculated at about 0.905 inches long.  (This is accounting for the total distance occupied by spacer or dividers on the spiral. and additional adjustment to the calculations taking into account the length of the spiral not wrapped with any windings

Method 3. Direct Measurement

Because of  the high resolution photographs available, estimates the length of  a coil can be made directly by use of the measuring tools in Adobe  Photoshop (r)or Screen Caliper(r) Using a known measurement such as the exact outside diameter of tubing i.e.. (0.500 inches) comparing relative size with a screen distance tool in Photoshop(r) or another program such as Screen Caliper(r) the length of the coil can be determined with precision. The results of visible wire counts from a number of coils can be averaged as a starting point for calculations.
 

Thickness or Height of coils

Once the length of the pick up coils is determined,. the other factor needed is the height (H) of the winding window Since the outside diameter (O.D.) of the core channel is known,  an estimate of the height  of depth of winding may be obtained by using  photogrammetric methods and the following method.

1. The total thickness or height of the wound coil is first measured.
2. Then the core diameter is then subtracted.
3. The resulting value is divided by 2, to obtain the height (H) of the winding window. (one side of the coil)

The length (L) of the coils is determined by the methods previously discussed.

Multiplying the height (H) by coil length( L)  yields the area (A) of the winding window
 
Thus, a winding window with height H and length L representing the area on a bobbin or coil through which the windings pass can be calculated  Again, if the values  H and L are multiplied, H TIMES L = A ,  then the area of the winding window  is now determined. Considerate it as a cross-sectional view of the coil windings with the ends of each wire being viewed as a cross-section or circle

Something like this:

IIOOOOOOOOOOOOII
IIOOOOOOOOOOOOII
IIOOOOOOOOOOOOII

--representing 3 layers of wire with 12 wraps (the II symbolizing the  coil dividers)3 layers of wire by 12 wires wide or 36 turns or wraps of wire around a bobbin.

A thinner gauge wire can have more windings on the same size bobbin, as below:

IIooooooooooooooooooII
IIooooooooooooooooooII
HooooooooooooooooooII

In this example, a thinner wire could be wound 18 times on the same length of bobbin. So the thinner the wire, the greater the number of winds per layer. Also the number of layers would be greater. with thinner wire.

Intuitively a bobbin wound with thinner wire will have more turns than one wound with a thicker wire.

Short-cut to determine the number of winds on coils

Basic Method

1. Determine the length  of the coil bobbin  L
2. Determine the diameter of the wire that s wound upon the bobbin. W
3. Determine the height of the winding  H
4  Divide the length of the coil bobbin by the diameter of the wire is used in winding the coil    L/W
5. Divide the height of the coil winding by the diameter of the wire used in winding the coil     H/W

Application to the Rectangular and Hexagonal Winding Methods

Rectangular Method

Since the wires in a rectangular winding are not offset as in the hexagonal winding method: Thus ,
 
L/W equals the number of winds across the length of the bobbin and,
H/W equals the number of layers of winds of the bobbin

Let's try a quick calculation with coils 0'905 inches long and 0.5 inches in thickness and using 22 gauge wire  (0.0254 inches) and rectangular winding

0.905 inches divided by 0.0254  = 35.9,    0.5 divided by 0.0254 inches  = 19.7  ,   therefore the number of winds on this    pickup coil with rectangular winding ( after rounding)
is   36 times  20 or 720 winds for rectangular winding method

Now let's try a quick calculation  with coils 0.905 inches long and  0.5  inches in thickness and using 22gauge AWG wire (0.0254 inches) and hexagonal  winding.

Now since the rectangular winding is not the moats efficient use of space of the winding window ( The hexagonal method allows for more winds per  given area
of winding area)   the figure of 720 winds is modified by the multiplying this  figure by  1.1547, yielding  831  winds possible for the hexagonal method

The packing ratio for hexagonal windings 0.9069  The packing ratio for rectangular winding is 0.785\

0.9069 divided by 0.7854 equals 1.1547  (the ratio of packing fractions)
720 times 1.1547 yields  831 as an approximate number of windings per pickup coil using the hexagonal winding  method
As a verification of this  calculation on line follow link to Engineers toolbox and use 0.905 inches by 0.5/inches with a wire diameter of 0.025

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/circles-within-rectangle-d_1905.html
Those calculations show 660 and 770 winds for the rectangular and hexagonal  windings respectively    about 92% of the other figures obtained with the other method

The winding window value has a range between  .78 and ..905 so you have a value range for calculation of the pickup coils
Like wise the length of the coil can be estimated  by averaging  the length of 5  or six pickup oils
The  velocity of the circulating magnetic medium is about 50 ips
Frequency is thought to be  60 hz.  Based on the number of coils about  50
The rate of  light flash on adjustment control unit
Cross serio al a area of tu if is known within a given range
Si volume of magnetic slurry or gas can be  estimates
In the mechanical drives system liquids are essentially non compressible
Gases are.
Because the output of the multitier  is stated.   By pretending that a  effofluid is uses a value can be. Calculated for a range of flux values can be calculated
Then plug in these values for the rate of speed that is known for single level epg

Then perhaps a value for the output of the mechanical drive epg can be determined
I’m going back to basics and hopefully some  possible outputs

One source stTed that Stan was working with ferrofluids and when
He came ba k from lunch. The was a black fluid poured out on the ground smoking

Did an epg overheat?    I heard clip on one of the archive tapes where
Says.   … and then you put it in cryogenics…. A short clip but it might mean that
The fluids would get hot… I’m going to revist and redo this post with better strop by step construction and showing the math better

the values by the online 781 and 684   winds so the figures seem to be in the same ball park!!
E = 4.44 x F x N x Φm ……
expanding....

E = 4.44 x F  x N x   x A … [ because  (Φm = Bmax]

rearranging,  to solve for  Bm......   Bm = E divided by(  4.44 x F x N x A)

SOLVING FOR A VALUE MAGNETIC FLUX IN THE MAGNETIC GAS OF ONE TIER EPG

rearranging,  to solve for  Bm......   Bm = E divided by(  4.44 x F x N x A)

E  = voltage unknown
F  = supply frequency  Hz/sec  known 60 Hz
N = number of turns     known 831
A = cross sectional area in square meters known  0.0001406 Meters squared calculated for( 0.5  OD type K)
Bm = peak  magnetic flux density in Weber / meter squared or T tesla    use estimate for six tier system 1/6 the BetaMax?
K = 4.44
 
V = 4.44  x F x N x A x B   
V = 4.44 x 60 Hz  x 831 x 0.000146  x  4.2   =  414
Is414 volts a reasonable value   440 VOLTS  OR is flux value only ONE SIXTH OF THE MULTITIER SYSTEM??    .166 X 414   138 V  CLOSE TO MAINS  120 V?

This was using maximum winding of 831, but what value is OBTAINED FOR  RANDOM WINDING AS INDICATED BY OBSERVARION OF THE HIG RESOLUTION PHOTOS?
Stanley Meyer's  Multiple-Tier EPG as seen in the available imagery,(see attachment 1) shows vertical connections between the tiers.

One suggested design improvement to reduce flow turbulence is to angle the connection tubes between the tiers

By the use of  standard 45 degree angled pipe connectors, an angled connection tube between tiers would be possible..

Since the angle of the resulting connecting tubes would be 45 degrees, the draining of ferrofluid and flow of the mag-gases would be improved,

The resulting likely increased velocity would result in an increase amount of induced current in the pickup coils Since some the present designs and replications have an inter-tier spacings of 15.3 cm, the connecting tubes would

need to be increased or multiplied by the cosecant of 45 degrees or a factor  of 1.414 yielding 21.6 cm. This would increase the flow distance each tier in the modeling by about 1.5%, which is felt to

be outweighed by the expected increase in flow rate..


The cross-sectional area of the spiraled tubing is an important factor but as per documents the velocity is directly related to power output in the power output calculations.   So the suggestion is certainly worthy of consideration.
      see attachment 2

On the three phase systems, to maintain similarity of construction in the six tier  models, there is no need to increase TH1 because despite the 45 degree angle in tier 1 connector  tube (part THC1), tangent of 45 degrees is still 1.00.  The inter-tier spacing
in the construction  spreadsheet should be the same, although the construction materials list would need to be  adjusted as well as the parts lists.
 
     
A: good catch sandia24, ill  take a look the figure is off by of a factor of 1000, it may be because of a Tesla to Weber conversion
      Weber to Tesla   or cm squared to meter squared conversion error??
the 45 angle connections are not coplanar because of the offset of the enter and exit openings between the two tiers being connected. Basically if you are looking from the top of the device You can have the coplanar arrangement but this means the gas/slurry would be moving clockwise with every other tier moving counterclockwise. The  idea is to have the drainage of the gas/slurry draining as water does as it goes down a sink and not to change direction. For the slurry systems especially, you want to take advantage o gravitation  without introducing  turbulence from oppositional flow direction of course  the length of the tier connecting tubes need to be adjusted to allow for the offset angle For the typical 15cm inter tier spacing , the offset is about 2.5 cm
To take advantage of the momentum of the ferro-fluid as it drain In the UK and across the pod in the US, the pipe  bends are either 45 or 90 degrees so I think that the 45 degree solution is the most practical in terms of part acquisition. I'm not sure about the drainage direction.  Depending on the hemisphere , direction of maelstrom or whirlpools tend  to be CW in one and CCW in the other but with the assembly  be mindful of the  direction  of the spiraled tiers with the top tier having the inlet closest recovery tube Top down flow consistent with Coriolis effect.
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3. Number of winds Circle Packing theory   see Wikipedia KNOWN

Once the length and height of the winding window. are determined it is necessary to consider the method of winding to obtain estimates of the number of turns per pickup coil.  The use of Circle Packing Theory
is of use for this problem..
Since the gauge of  the wire can be estimated with a good amount of precision ,the use of circle packing theory (see wiki) theory can be used to determine the number of turns that can fit through this winding window on a bobbin. 

One factor that is very useful in calculations, is that wires come in standard  thicknesses or diameters. For convenience the AWG  (American Wire Gauge) is used in electrical and electronic work, Electrical wiring in the U.S. is often 10,12 or 14 AWG for house wiring .Electronic work is often  uses 18,22, or 30  AWG gauge wire. Whatever the reason, the smaller the AWG number, the thicker or larger the diameter of wire!! The reason this helps in photogrammetry, is that the gauges are discrete values.

Table 1.

AWG      Diameter in inches           AWG     Diameter in Inches
10           .1019                                 20           .0320
12           .0808                                 22           .0254
14           .0641                                 24           .0201
16           .0508                                 26           .0159
18           .0403                                 28           .0126
                                                         30           .0101

The 16 gauge wire is about 25% thicker than 18 gauge
The 22 gauge wire is about 25% thicker than 24 gauge

Not to get too technical, but this is a logarithmic scale,  but the important  concept is that the PERCENTAGE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GAUGES IS LARGE in relation to the PRECISION achievable in photogrammetry  The precision of the photogrammetric method is often less than 2 to 5%.

This means for a given photogrammetric distance is it easier to pick out the exact gauge of wire

PACKING FRACTION

There is a branch of mathematics which describes how many circles of uniform size can be drawn in a given area.
It goes by several names but let's just call it Circle Packing Theory.    see Wikipedia article

By determining the winding window size, the  appropriate circle packing  fraction can be used to determine a close estimate of the number of windings per coil if the gauge is known.

However, the method or way the wire is wound is important in the calculations. An estimate of number of windings on the pickup cores is necessary

1. One method of winding coils is hexagonal winding, with the layers arranged in a honeycomb pattern when viewed in cross-section.

2. Another  type of winding is known as square or rectangular winding has each layer of winding with turns directly on top the wires in the layer beneath with no offset.

3. And thirdly,  there is a random type of winding with lots of random cross overs and gaps.

The hexagonal packing is the densest  method of winding coils with a value of   (Pi divided by 6) times ( the square root of 3) or .9069  with approximately 91% of the winding area  occupied by wire with the balance of the area being occupied by gaps between the wires.
 
Square geometry winding with each winding of wire directly on top the layer below ( No offset)  has a value of 0.7853.  It is not as close wrapped or dense as the optimum  hexagonal winding method.. The values of  ( Pi divided by 4 )is the value for the  square geometry method of winding.   --- 0.785

A random wind often a more gaps but the packing ratio is highly dependent on the size of the wire relative the length and width of the winding window.  It varies a great deal in practice   usually (about 75 to 83 percent)  The first two methods are highly structured and as a result can be described discretely. A random  winding method has more variability and thus intrinsically a wider range of values depending on the gauge of the wire and it relation to the total size of the winding window

Circle Packing  Factors -- Percent of winding window occupied by wire
 
Hexagonal winding            90.69      ( Pi divided by 6) times (Square root of 3)                        Ref
Square winding                  78.53       (Pi divided by 4)                                                               Ref
Random                              Highly gauge dependent  (as gauge decreases, percent increases.)
                                            Random winding will have a packing percent usually less than the optimum 90.6 percent (usual Range 75 to 85 percent) Ref

Square winding method

A square with one inch one each side, the area is one square inch.
If square winding is used in the bobbin,  78.53 percent of the square  is covered  if viewed as a cross-section
But if a closely packed honeycomb winding is used, about 91 percent of the cross-sectional area will be consist of wire.

Explanation and derivation of factors

The mathematics regarding the circle packing formula for hexagonal or honeycomb winding is daunting and can be found in more detailed discussions on the the internet.    ref
The packing factor is  0.9069 with comes from the  formula  (Pi divided by 6)  times (the square root of 3)

A circle one inch in diameter will have an area of  0.7853 square inches.---   radius squared times Pi (0.5 times 0.5times 3.1416 )   = .0.7853
If this circle is placed in a one square one inch on  each side, it will  contact the sides of the square in four, which is exactly whet we see  in a cross-section of a coil
wound in the square or rectangular method.
 
To understand  random winding factors, consider two equally sized sheets of sandpaper. One is coated coarse grade grit, the other coated  with a fine grit used
for final sanding.  The  arrangement of the sand grains is random in both cases but there are fewer grains of sand on the coarse paper and many more grains of  sand
on the finer grit paper. And then consider extremely fine grit  with a grit rating of 1000 or 1200.Essentially nearly 100 percent of the paper is covered with the grit!!
[
SO IN SOME CASES IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF TURNS---
IN SOME CASES EMPIRICAL METHODS OR TEST WINDINGS MIGHT BE NECESSARY.

As an example if the winding window is 1 square inch and the AWG  is 22, and the tighter hexagonal winding factor is used(0.906) then  0.906 square inches of that window is occupied by the area of the wire..
The cross-sectional area of AWG 22 is 0.0005 inches per turn. Thus, 0.9069 square inches of turns divided by 0.0005 square inch per turn equals approximately1814 turns.
 
With precision or square winding a factor of 0.7853 instead of 0.9069 can be used. This results in an estimate of 1571 turns through 1 inch square window.
The lower number of turns is expected since the. coil winding is not as densely wound.

Rule of Thumb     .785/.906   winding factor ratio    ration of  rectangular to hexagonal winding factors.
1571 divided by 1814  is  0.866, so with all other factors remaining the same  a bobbin wound with  rectangular winding will have about 87% of the turns of a bobbin wound with hexagonal winding
.
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Can the available data from photogrammetry, information  various manuals and electronic formulas help  in understanding and designing EPG systems?? YES!!
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4. Velocity of Liquid or Gas[/b KNOWN

In the Dealership Sales, Manual, Stan Meyer considered the velocity of the magnetized gas as                 
an important factor for the  power output of the EPG.                       see Ref..  EPG velocity doc.

Since the Canadian Patent Number CA1213671A1   titled "Electrical Particle Generator" mentions
"slurries",  an examination of liquid flow may yield additional insight into mode of operation of the EPG devices. .   Ref. ionizationx.com

In the Mechanical Drive EPG  had a velocity of 50 ips (inches per second)   or  1.27 m/s (meters/sec)  Ref.  EPG velocity doc
Adjustment of the pump speed is made using a rheostat to vary input voltage.  Russ Greis developed an clever "breadboard"
with each coil having a jumper connection on both ends of the coils allowing for varied parallel or series connections.
     
Thus a different voltage or amperage could be adjusted for a particular application  (using the  magnetic slurry)

The Mag-Gas Plasma EPGs  (both the 6 and 7 tier systems operated  at 90 ips  or  2.29 m/s       Ref . EPG velocity doc.

5 Strength of Magnetic Flux] CAN BE CALCULATED


Because of lower magnetic susceptibility of gases vs slurries the multi-tier devices needed to be operated at higher speed.
This is based on the observation that the  magnetic susceptibility in ferro-fluids is directly related to the percentage of magnetite  Ref needed
The number of turns can  be increased to compensate for the lower flux values in the multiple tier systems.  In the multiple tier systems this is
exactly what is observed. The increased number of windings(36000) and increased volume of core (at least six times greater because of multiple tiers
is also another way of compensating\for a lower flux value and to create higher power output  design  power 44Kw to 66 Kw)

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The electrical particle generators( EPGs) should be thought of as a very efficient transformer as well as a generator

Similarities between the types of EPGs

An examination of the available images seems to indicate:

1. The presence of input energy from a wall outlet  About 120 volts alternating current  60 cycle/sec (US). Wall outlets often have 10 or 15 Amp circuit breakers or fuses   (max 1200 to 1800 watts input)?
2. A spiraled core consisting of copper pipe or tubing  (non-magnetic)
3. A core surrounded by  multiple coils of wire
4. A device that circulates a liquid, gas or slurry  (mechanical pump, linear magnetic pump)
5 A method of controlling the rate of flow  of the magnetic slurry or gas.
6 Magnetic Alignment coils in some cases
7. Electronic circuity

MAIN DISCUSSION FOLLOWS BELOW

DETERIMING VALULES OF MAGNETIC FLUX IN ELECTRICAL PARTICLE GENERATORS

GOAL Applying known values or range of values to the equation to determine operating characteristics
and flux values of the EPG systems

VARIABLE  LIST AND VALUE RANGE

VARIABLE                                                                                                                                                                  VALUE                Source                         
                                 
V1 = velocity of magnetic field movement per second  KNOWN                                            50-90 ips
N1 = number of twists per unit length  spiral divider per unit length                                                                0.3 - 1.2         
T - number of tiers  KNOWN                                                                                                           1-7   
color=red]N3 = value of magnetic field strength [/color]   UNKNOWN                                      To be calculated .
F = value of the frequency pulsing alignment coils for dyne-axis of magnetic field  KNOWN    60 Hz/sec
N4=  number of coils per tier   KNOWN                                                                                          1 - 58         
N5 = number of turns in each coil KNOWN                                                                                  200-12000     
N6 = number of core sectors enclosed by pick-up coil         KNOWN                                               3- 4                                                                                                                                                                         
A= cross-sectional area of tubing used in EPG tier (in  sq inches)  and sq inches per SINGLE pipe core              select value from table below

Outside Diameter   0.5 inch  (1/2 )inch
       
A1  Type K     0.218 sq inches    0.0001406 sq meters
A2  Type L      0.233 sq inches    0.0001503 sq meters

 
Outside Diameter  0.625 inch   (5/8) inch

A3  Type K
A4  Type L

Outside Diameter  0.75 inches   (3/4)inch
A5
A6

Power Input Variables)

Circulation of magnetic material                                                                        no more than pump wattage for single tier
W1 = watts required for initiation of flow    ( Initial inertial load)                                 Rheological, mass density factors important
W2= steady state power load for mag-media circulation                                                                          see appendix 
W3 = dyne-axis load                                                                                                                                 see  appendix 
P1    Power for control circuits.      Low voltage low amperage transistor circuits

Known values

By applying the known estimates of the various variables, it should be able to calculate the flux values in working EPG devices.

 
Stated  design output  was 220 VAC @ 200- 300 amps       ( per Deer Creek Seminar notes)
 
To solve for N3. At one of the conferences in 2019 ( SMC 2019 Bremen Ohio), it was proposed that the Transformer EMF  equation might
be used in the mathematical model of the Meyer EPG series regarding the flux density problem.

Through photogrammetry the  maximum number of turns , number of coils, diameter and volume of the core magnetized
slurry/gas can be determined. Since the output power, velocity, and frequency are known with some precision. it may be possible to arrange the transformer EMF equation to obtain a Beta Max for the flux density!!
                                           
Another observation was made at the 2019 Bremen Conference that the larger the core volume, the lower value of the magnetic saturation
could be in the core and still maintain the same power output. This is because the total power output for the device is dependent in part  upon the total amount of flux present or contained  in the magnetic core.

If the other design factors such as the number of coils, number of winds and same velocity of the magnetic gas or slurry are held constant,
the limitations of the maximum level of  magnetic saturation of the EFH series ferrofluids can be mitigated. To increase power output scale up
the volume of the  transformer core and the magnetic saturation can be lower and still provide the design power output.
While the 400 Hz mil-spec converters are still an option for the magnetic drives, if operating frequency matches the 50 or 60 Hz
standard for output for electricity for residential use the need for frequency conversion is eliminated.
           
Ferro fluids and Pump Sizing

"Oil" based ferro-fluid characteristics            see attachments
   
1. Saturation Magnetization vs Magnetic Particle Concentration of Magnetite

There is a direct linear relationshipbetween how much magnetic saturation (strength) and the  percent of magnetite in suspension. (see appendix) 
     
2.  Although the magnetic saturation ( Ms ) vs % magnetite is linear, the rheological ("thickness or viscosity" characteristics are not.
At concentrations of more than 10% magnetite, there is a rapid increase in viscosity.

3   Ferro-tec(r) only had 2  viscosity Educational Ferrofluids EFH at the time of Stan Meyer's research EFH1 and EFH- 4.
EFH -1 had the most saturation but was the thinnest of the two choices.

viscosities so these were examined because a greater number of data points  were available.   
It is seen that in the EFH series that the EFH-1 has the highest Ms/ viscosity ratio.
In the EMG series EMG-905 has the highest Ms to viscosity ratio  (Magnetic strength related to ease of pumping)

Stan Meyer was likely looking for a Ferrofluid that maximized Ms in relation to viscosity
If the ferrofluid is too thick it might show greater resistance to pumping
If the ferrofluid is too thin it does not maximize the Ms needed for power generation

There appears to be a "Goldilocks zone" not too thick to pump and not too weak in terms of
the magnetic saturation of flux limits   (about 400 Ms. in EFH and EMG series)

For the oil based  (actually  a type of kerosene) ferrofluids having a magnetic susceptibility
of 400 gauss seem to be optimum.in terms of  magnetic susceptibility in relation to viscosity.

That being said, it is very likely that ferrofluids were tried in the mechanical drive
EPG and possibly in other EPG types.

Since output data is only available for the 6Tmaggas EPG and for the velocity of the magnetic medium,
one approach to determine the flux in the 6 multi-tier system as if EFH-1 was present and then scale down to the magnetic
pump system  and volume of EFH-1at the stated velocity and use a calculated flux density to determine output
characteristics of the  magnetic pump  devices.
The sizing of the bus bars, the parallel  arrangement of the pick-up coils and the  breakdown voltage of the insulation
might put some upper limits to how it was being operated and limits to the possible voltages and amps produced.

EPG Design

     Design output  220 VAC at 300 amps  =  44,000 to 66,000 watts

    Calculations
                      So now let's assign values to some of the variables....
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Pump Selection 
   Cross sectional area is calculated as follows:

                  1. Determine the diameter of the tubing    0.5" obtained by photogrammetry  0.5 outside diameter
                     also confirmed by actual measurement by Don Gabel . (see notebook photos)

                  2. Determine the range of. possible internal diameters     Common types of pipe K L and M that have the
                      same outside diameter but thickness of inner diameter and wall thickness vary.

Stan Meyer may have used  pre-coiled air conditioning or water supply tubing. for ease of construction.

MECHANICAL DRIVE EPG –FLOW RATE ANALYSIS

As discussed previously, a small electrically powered mechanical pump was used to circulate a permanently magnetized gas or slurry in a closed loop system.
•   From the photogrammetric analysis of available imagery, the pump was identified as a Model B-500 Little Giant®
•   The manufacturer specifications show that the pump was designed to provide a flow rate of 500 gallons per hour when pumping water.
•   Some information is available regarding the flow rate of the magnetic material when the EPG was operating.  The flow rate has been posted on the internet as 50 inches per second.
•   Additionally the outside diameter of the copper tubing has been determined to be 0.500 inches by photogrammetric means


With the preceding information, it may be possible to perform calculations to verify that the pump selected is consistent and capable with reported
velocity for the magnetic slurry or gas. The original device, now owned by Quad City Innovations was not available for inspection
and for direct measurement but a reasonable estimate of flow rate within a working EPG can be made.


Dimensions and Types of the Copper Tubing

At the time of the construction of the EPG systems, there were, as there are today, three major types of copper tubing
with letters being assigned to tubing of varying wall thickness. They are designated as type K, L and M, with K having
the thickest wall and M having the thinnest wall       ref .The Copper Handbook    


Type    O.D.        I..D.        Wall       Cross-Section    Volume
                                                         of  tube               per inch

K      0.500      0.402      0.049   .127                     .127
L      0.500      0.430      0.035   .145                     145
M      0.500      0.450      0.028   .159                     .
  
From the tubing chart of copper tubing with outside diameter of 0.500,  type “K ”will be used as an example for the calculations.

The internal cross-sectional  area of type  “K” tubing is 0.127 square inches.
A Thus a cylinder with this size base and 1 inch tall would have a volume of  0.127  cubic inches

Formula
   
Volume of cylinder = area of base times height   ( V = B x H)
Since the velocity has been given as 50 inches per second, a cylinder 50 inches long would have a volume
equal to the cross sectional area times the height of 50. This represents the volume of liquid pumped past a
given point on the spiraled tubing  in one second.

Conversion factors
3600 seconds / 1 hour
0.0043 U.S. gallons / 1 cubic inch

Example for Type “K” Tubing
1.27 cubic inches/second  times 50 = 6.35 cubic inches per second  6.35 cubic inches/ second  times  3600 sec/ hr. = 22,860 cubic inches/ hour.
Then by applying the appropriate conversion factor, gallons per hour may be obtained.
Thus,  22,860  cubic inches / hour times  0.0043 gallons/ cubic inch equals flow rate of  98.3  gallons per hour for Type ”K” tubing.

In a similar fashion, the flow rate of types L and M are determined.

•   Type ”L” has a flow rate of 7.25 cubic inches/second  which yields a value of 112.5  gallons per hour.

•   Type M tubing has a flow rate of 7.95 cubic inches /second which yields a value of 123.0 U.S. gallons/ hour.

•   Depending on the type of tubing used, the flow rate was calculated to be between  98 and 123 gallons per hour
.
Summary

The Little Giant ® pump was rated at 500 gph so it appears that the specifications of the pump were reasonable for the operation of the mechanical drive EPG.


One observation concerning the publicly available EPG images, is that there do not seem to be joints on the spiraled sections
themselves although the connecting copper pipes to the pumps or other means of moving the slurry or gas are straight.

Stan Meyers was practical and tried to keep things simple, so I believe he just used piping that was already coiled when purchased.

So, using the above reference to get a range of possible values for the cross-sections of the copper tubing and pipes commonly available..
Copper pipe has three basic wall thicknesses: Type K, Type L and Type  M
  So even though the outside diameter may remain the same, a THICKER wall results in a SMALLER cross-section inside the tube[/color]

So here's the values of cross-sectional area for different copper tubing and pipe in square inches:

Type K    0.218   Type L  0.233   Type M  0.254   
So the cross-sectional area for coiled copper pipe  is between 0.218 and 0.254 square inches

Since the 6 tier system is not available for examination at this time, there is a degree of  imprecision for the cross-sectional area value.
Because the cross-sectional area is used in volume calculations and in the calculation of total magnetic flux for these systems,
the estimates of system performance depend upon the type of tubing used in the construction.
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Length of tubing carrying magnetic slurry/gas

Since the EPGs are of a general circular design, the formula    C = D x Pi  or stated -- Circumference of a circle equals the diameter times Pi .

Now, if you are trying to find the total length of tubing  used in an EPG which is a spiral, for example(for example exactly 3 loops,
then think of this as 3 circles each with a different diameter and circumference The outer loop is longer than the middle loop which is in turn larger the innermost ring of loop.

So roughly speaking, let's say you had an EPG like the Magnetic Drive (Red Pump) System and that by examination or
photogrammetry and it was determined that diameter was 17 inches.

If  1/2  inch tubing is used the construction, what would be the diameter of the middle loop?

The radius  of the middle loop is moved in by 1/2 inch because of the width of the outer loop or to put it another way,
the diameter of the middle loop would be 16 inches measured across its outside  By a similar reasoning, the innermost loop is  or about 15 inches in diameter.

So the length the spiral is approximately ( 15 + 16 + 17) times Pi.   Now Stan Meyer for reasons of type of pump used (B-500) had input and output connections
at right angles)then some portions of the spiral had four loops instead of three so adjustments will have to be made for this added length. 
The total length of is important because this is used in the calculations for the volume of gas or ferrofluid being used and also in the
calculations for inductance and the number windings for the coils as well as the length of wire required for making the windings.
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Coils and length of wire need for project and per coil 
Length of wire for winding is dependent on the number of channels used for the flowing  magnetic media

                                                                                                                           End View    "Tube" length

A formula for the length a a single wrap around cores adjacent to each other..  Basically the circumference of a single core with an adjustment
for the gaps or bridges between adjacent cores.In the case of a single core the amount of wire per wrap is the circumference  of the core
and no gaps. When there are multiple cores to be wrapped, the distance or gaps the "bridges" or gaps need to be accounted for.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         [  ( C  )     plus ( gap length)]  times  number of turns
1.A formula for multiple single layer winds around a singular tubular core  of length L             O     diameter of wire times N turns         [( Pi x  D)  plus  (0 x D)]  x N

2. A formula for multiple  single layer winds N around two adjacent tubular cores of length L    OO     diameter of wire times N  turns    [ (Pi x D) plus (2 x D ) ]  x N

3 A formula for multiple single layer around three adjacent tubular cores of length L             OOO    diameter of wire times N turns         [ (Pi x D) plus (4 x D ) ]  x N   
   
4. A formula for multiple single layer winds around 4 adjacent tubular cores                        OOOO   diameter of tube times N turns          [ (Pi x D)  plus (6 x D) ] x  N

The length of the tube determines the total number of wraps possible independent of the number of adjacent tubes

General Formula----  [ ( D plus G) x  N) ]  = ( length of wire needed for one turn around cores ) times( the number of  single layer  turns  around the coil  for the length of bobbin)
D = Outside diameter of  single core tube or pipe
G  =Total Gap length = [ ( Number of pipes -1) times 2]

Let N = Number of single layer wire turns that can be wound around the length of the pickup coil
Let W = the  diameter  or gauge of wire of wire
Let  L = Length of the bobbin or pickup coil
Then ( L divided by W) equals the number of winds


Formula for 1 core                                 O           LW   = Diameter of core times Pi


Regardless on the number of cores  wrapped per turn, the length of the bobbin or inductor tube is solely dependent un the gauge of wire used.
In summary, we now can calculate the length of a single  layer wrap of wire around multiple adjacent cores. and if we multiply that by the number of wraps  or turns that can be wrapped on a given linear length of coil.
I


Also  in determining the total amount of wire needed for construction of SINGLE LAYER coils (such as the multitier gas plasma series of EPGs).    The return conduit s appear to be
on alternate sides of the multi tier epg resulting  the spiral cores  have A3.5  turns. Thus single tier EPG’s appear to  have either 3 1/4 turns or 3 1/2 turns in the spinal so a weighted calculation would need to be done based on the amount of linear distance of three or four adjacent core in a section of the spiral. For the. Plume calculation ferrofluid required The formula needs to be modified for use in the multi-layer coils of the single tier EPG series for each type of winding method and spirals that have portions have three or four core on the same tier.

https://www.bing.com/search?q=emf%20transformer%20equation&cvid=3b27ab152c074c4d870723f5766569be&form=WSBBS

Calculation to determine number of coil pickup windings  for the multitier 6TmaggasEPG
1 tier is about 17 inches in diameter.   Since the line drawing of the 7 tier system  and photographs show the drain/connecting tubes are 180 degrees
apart so its possible to keep the number of loops for a tier to
be 2.5 3.5 or 4.5 loops or if the connecting tubes are all  exact  integers of loops the connecting tube could be all on one side.
Or the direction of the flow could be counterclockwise  one tier and clockwise in the other tier. So based on the line drawing lets say that that each tier has 3.5 loops

Length of core for 1 tier       [ ( 15+16+17)]times Pi ]  plus( 1/2 times 14 times Pi) = 150.78 + 29.99 =  172.77 inches   6 tiers 1036 inches
172.77 inches  divided by .025 inches per turn  (22 gauge wire by photogrammetry  = maximum 6910 turns per tier
6 times 6910  = 41,460 turns  or if you use exactly 3 loops per tier    150.78 times 6 = 904  inches  904 divided by  0.025 = about 36,191 turns  6 tiers 906 inches

Imagine an inductor with between 36 and 41 thousand turns of wire and  between  75 and 86 feet long !
------------------------------------------------------
E = 4.44 x F x N x Φm ……
expanding....

E = 4.44 x F  x N x Bm x A … [ because  (Φm = BmA)]

rearranging,  to solve for  Bm......   Bm = E divided by(  4.44 x F x N x A)


SOLVING FOR A VALUE MAGNETIC FLUX IN THE MAGNETIC GAS OF A SIX TIER GAS PLASMA EPG

rearranging,  to solve for  Bm......   Bm = E divided by(  4.44 x F x N x A)

E  = voltage
F  = supply frequency  Hz/sec
N = number of turns
A = cross sectional area in square meters
Bm = peak  magnetic flux density in Weber / meter squared or T tesla
K = 4.44
 
V = 4.44  x F x N x A x B or rearranging this and solving for B

B =    V  divided by( 4.44   x  F x  N    x   A)           
                                                                                                                                 
B =  220 divided by 4.44 x60 x 12000 x A       B = 319680 x A     319680x .0001634 sq meters  = 52.2        220/52.2     4.2 webers
The design output is 220 volts at 300 amp draw  66,000 watts  (Watts)           
(W) 220 times 300 amp draw   = 66,000 watts

The cross-sectional area  (A) of the core is between 0.218 and  0.254 square in or (A)  =  1.406 to 1.634  sq cm or 0.0001406 to 0.0001634  square meters

F (frequency) is  60 cycle/ second AC
                                                                         
V (voltage) is 220 volts AC output
                                     
K Constant  = 4.44
                                                                                                           
Solving of Bm =Betamax

Basic equation

  E  = voltage
  F  = supply frequency
  N = number of turns
  A = cross sectional area in square meters
  B = peak  magnetic flux density in Weber / meter squared or T tesla
  K = 4.44
 
   E = 4.44  x F x N x A x B or rearranging this and solving for B

    B =    E  divided by( 4.44   x  F x  N    x   A)           

If the known values are input into the EMF equation for a six tier EPG device--

E =   voltage                          220 VAC
F=    frequency                      60 hertz per second in the US
N=   number of coil turns   11,873

Cross section of inside diameter of copper pipe with different outside diameter  (O.D) and different wall thicknesses K,.L,.and M.
A= cross-sectional area of tubing used in EPG tier (in  sq inches)  and sq inches per SINGLE pipe core
Outside Diameter   0.5 inch
       
A1  Type K     0.218 sq inches    0.0001406 sq meters
A2  Type L      0.233 sq inches    0.0001503 sq meters
A3  Type M     0.254 sq inches    0.0001639 sq meters

A4
A5
A1 =  0. 000468  sq m area     3 channels of pipe  x 0.242 sq inches divided by conversion factor 1550  =  000468 square meters


4.44 = constant

B max  =   220/ 1480  or    0.1486  Wb/M squared  or Tesla for the 5/8" six tier system4.44 times F*N * Beta Max * A
 
Rearranging: Beta Max  =  V  divided by ( 4.44 x F x  N x  A)
       
220 divided by (  4.44 times  60 Hz/sec  frequency times 36191 x .218 A sq inches   =  .00010

NOW HERE'S AN IMORTANT POINT--The Betamax can be LOWER in the magnetic gas/or slurry when the  voltage, frequency, and number of turns is constant WITH the
cross-sectional area being increased. As the denominator increases due to a larger diameter tube being used ,the Betamax can be lower and still yield the same power at the same voltage. Essentially the Betamax, the maximum amount of flux flowing the core is inversely related to the area of the transformer core, so if the gas or ferrofluid is limited by MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY by
increasing the size of the tubing  ,scale up in size and a low Betamax will suffice for same output !!

So now since we have an equation with  5 variables and  one constant and we have good estimates for 4 of the variables, we should be able to solve the equation for a value of magnetic flux
in the ferro=fluid or magnetic gas matrix
V = 220 VAC...
F = supply frequency
N = number of turns
A = cross sectional area in square meters
B = peak  magnetic flux density in Wb / meter squared or T tesla
K = constant

V = 4.44  x F  x N  x A x Beta max,   or rearranging

Beta max  =    V divided by( 4.44 * F *  N * A )           

So  plugging in a few figures for a six tier device with a 5/8" OD copper spiral

E1 = 4.44 x f x N1 Φm ……….. (i)

E1 = 4.44 xf N1 Bm A … [as  (Φm = BmA)]
V = voltage       220 VAC
F=   60 hertz per second in the U.S.
N = 11,870
A =   0. 000468  sq meters area   =    3 channels of pipe  x 0.242 sq inches divided by conversion factor 1550  =  0.000468 square meters
B =   Beta-Max TO BE SOLVED
K = 4.44   ( constant )

Thus B-max  =   220/ (60  x 1480  or  0.1486  Wb/M squared  or Tesla  for the 5/8" six tier system

b]Next Topic Multiple layer coils
In terms of construction if the cross sectional area is changed because of using a larger diameter tubing
but keeping N number of turns the same and the length of the spiraled coils is the same and other factors the same (same desired output) t because the output is related to the amount of flux of the core, the larger the core in terms of cross section (and volume) means that a lower Beta value in the core of  the upsized EPG can  still result in the desired power output.  Basically if more power is needed the large core can allow for a lower amount of flux to be used if there is a limit to magnetic saturation for the slurry or mag-gas matrix.

This is more useful to calculate wire requirements for the Mechanical Pump EPG .Since it's possible to estimate the thickness of the coils, the length of the original coils, the gauge of the wire and velocity of the ferrofluid 50 ips  and using a flux value estimate a power output for the Mechanical Pump EPG.

Pump sizing

"Oil" based ferro-fluid characteristics            see attachments
   
1. Saturation Magnetization vs Magnetic Particle Concentration of EMG Oil Based Ferrofluids

     There is a direct linear relationship between how much magnetic saturation (strength) and the  percent of magnetite in suspension
       
2.  Although the magnetic saturation ( Ms ) vs % magnetite is linear, the rheological  ("thickness or viscosity" characteristics are not.
At concentrations of more than 10% magnetite, there is a rapid increase in viscosity.

3FH -1 had the greater  magnetic susceptibility but had the  lower viscosity of the two choices

4.  The Ferro-tech EMG series ferro-fluids( a similar Oil Based Ferrofluid) has 5 different types with varied magnetic saturation and viscosities so these were examined because a greater number of data points  were available.   see attachment

It is seen that in the EFH series that the EFH-1 has the highest Ms/ viscosity ratio
In the EMG series EMG-905 has the highest Ms/viscosity ratio

Stan Meyer  was likely looking for a Ferrofluid that maximized Ms in relation to viscosity
If the ferrofluid is too thick it might show greater resistance to pumping

There appears to be a "Goldilocks zone" not too thick to pump and not too weak in terms of the magnetic saturation of flux limits   (about 400 Ms. in EFH and EMG series)

For the oil based  (actually  a type of kerosene) ferrofluids having a magnetic susceptibility of 400 gauss seem to be optimum.in terms of  magnetic susceptibility in relation to viscosity.

tit is very likely that ferrofluids were tried in the mechanical drive EPG and possibly in other EPG types

Since output data is only available for the 6Tmaggas EPG and for the velocity of the magnetic medium,  one approach to determine the flux in the 6  tier
multi-tier EPG system as if EFH-1 was present and then scale down to the magnetic pump system  and volume of EFH-1at the stated
velocity and use a calculated flux density to determine output characteristics of the  magnetic pump  devices.
The sizing of the bus bars, the parallel  arrangement of the pick-up coils and the  breakdown voltage of the insulation might put some
upper limits to how it was being operated and limits to the possible voltages and amps produced.

                        Design output  220 VAC at 300 amps  =  44,000 to 66,000 watts
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comparing  stated values of C.O.P  ( if no feedback of output power to input power)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   
   Cross sectional area is calculated as follows:

                  1. Determine the diameter of the tubing    0.5" obtained by photogrammetry  0.5 outside diameter
                     also confirmed by actual measurement by Don Gabel . (see notebook photos)

                  2. Determine the range of. possible internal diameters     Common types of pipe K L and M that have the
                      same outside diameter but thickness of inner diameter and wall thickness vary.
Stan Meyer may have used  pre-coiled air conditioning or water supply tubing. for ease of construction.

MECHANICAL DRIVE EPG –FLOW RATE ANALYSIS

As discussed previously, a small electrically powered mechanical pump was used to circulate a permanently magnetized gas or slurry in a closed loop system.
•   From the photogrammetric analysis of available imagery, the pump was identified as a Model B-500 Little Giant®
•   The manufacturer specifications show that the pump was designed to provide a flow rate of 500 gallons per hour when pumping water.
•   Some information is available regarding the flow rate of the magnetic material when the EPG was operating.  The flow rate has been posted on the internet as 50 inches per second.
•   Additionally the outside diameter of the copper tubing has been determined to be 0.500 inches by photogrammetric means


With the preceding information, it may be possible to perform calculations to verify that the pump selected is consistent and capable with reported velocity for the magnetic slurry or gas. The original device, now owned by Quad City Innovations was not available for inspection and for direct measurement but a reasonable estimate of flow rate within a working EPG can be made.


Dimensions and Types of the Copper Tubing

At the time of the construction of the EPG systems, there were, as there are today, three major types of copper tubing with letters being assigned to tubing of varying wall thickness. They are designated as type K, L and M, with K having the thickest wall and M having the thinnest wall       ref .The Copper Handbook    


Type    O.D.        I..D.        Wall       Cross-Section    Volume
                                                         of  tube               per inch

K      0.500      0.402      0.049   .127                     .127
L      0.500      0.430      0.035   .145                   .145
M      0.500      0.450      0.028   .159                     .159
  
From the tubing chart of copper tubing with outside diameter of 0.500,  type “K ”will be used as an example for the calculations.

The internal cross-sectional  area of type  “K” tubing is 0.127  square inches.
A cylinder with this size base and 1 inch tall would have a volume of  0.127   cubic inches

Formula
   
Volume of cylinder = area of base times height   ( V = B x H)
Since the velocity has been given as 50 inches per second, a cylinder 50 inches long would have a volume equal to the cross sectional area times the height of 50. This represents the volume of liquid pumped past a point on the spiraled tubing  in one second

Conversion factors
3600 seconds / 1 hour
0.0043 U.S. gallons / 1 cubic inch

Example for Type “K” Tubing
1.27 cubic inches/second  times 50 = 6.35 cubic inches per second  6.35 cubic inches/ second  times  3600 sec/ hr. = 22,860 cubic inches/ hour.
Then by applying the appropriate conversion factor, gallons per hour may be obtained.
Thus,  22,860  cubic inches / hour times  0.0043 gallons/ cubic inch equals flow rate of  98.3  gallons per hour for Type ”K” tubing.

In a similar fashion, the flow rate of types L and M are determined.
•   Type ”L” has a flow rate of 7.25 cubic inches/second  which yields a value of 112.5  gallons per hour.

•   Type M tubing has a flow rate of 7.95 cubic inches /second which yields a value of 123.0 U.S. gallons/ hour.

•   Depending on the type of tubing used, the flow rate was calculated to be between  98 and 123 gallons per hour
.
Summary

The Little Giant ® pump was rated at 500 gph so it appears that the specifications of the pump were reasonable for the operation of the mechanical drive EPG.  The pump was designed to pump water but in this application a slurry containing magnetic material would be
•   denser
•   have an increased viscosity
•   be susceptible to possible back emf eddy currents reducing flow
•   experience turbulence at sharp bends and at the pump impellers
•   experience back pressure in a closed system
•   be susceptible to magnetic restriction to flow at the alignment coils

As an example, a ferro fluid such as EFH-1  (Ferro-Tech) has a density of 1.21 g/cc, a viscosity of 6  centipoise (cP ) and Saturation Magnetization  (Ms) of 440 Gauss all of which could contribute to a slower flow velocity. Thus it is expected that the flow rate would be less than 500 gallons per hour. However, there is some evidence for ferro-fluids to have lower viscosity under certain circumstances. see ref

Evidence for use of  ferrofluids in the Mechanical Drive EPG
1.The existence of a photograph of another copper spiral with the label 1 ¼  cup 
2.The Pantone® color matching of  spill corrosion to Copper Oleate
3. photographs of EFH-1 in the laboratory

A very useful free reference is The Copper Tubing Handbook which provides the specifications and measurements for copper tubing and pipe.

You can google The Copper Tubing Handbook for the pdf  or just click on this link:

https://pbar.fnal.gov/organizationalchart/Leveling/2004%20water%20cage%20work/Cutubehandbook.pdf
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Reducing resistance to flow

One observation concerning the publicly available EPG images, is that there do not seem to be joints on the spiraled sections
themselves although the connecting copper pipes to the pumps or other means of moving the slurry or gas are straight.
Stan Meyers was practical and tried to keep things simple, so I believe he just used piping that was already coiled when purchased.

So, using the above reference to get a range of possible values for the cross-sections of the copper tubing and pipes commonly available..
Copper pipe has three basic wall thicknesses: Type K, Type L and Type  M
So even though the outside diameter may remain the same, a THICKER wall results in a SMALLER cross-section inside the tube

So here's the values of cross-sectional area for different copper tubing and pipe in square inches:

Type K    0.218   Type L  0.233   Type M  0.254   
So the cross-sectional area for coiled copper pipe  is between 0.218 and 0.254 square inches

Since the 6 tier system is not available for examination at this time, there is a degree of  imprecision for the cross-sectional area value.
Because the cross-sectional area is used in volume calculations and in the calculation of total magnetic flux for these systems, the estimates of system performance depend upon the type of tubing used in the construction.
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Length of tubing carrying magnetic slurry/gas

Since the EPGs are of a general circular design, the formula    C = D x Pi  or stated -- Circumference of a circle equals the diameter times Pi .

Now, if you are trying to find the total length of tubing  used in an EPG which is a spiral, for example(for example exactly 3 loops, then think of this as 3 circles each with a different diameter and circumference The outer loop is longer than the middle loop which is in turn larger the innermost ring of loop.

So roughly speaking, let's say you had an EPG like the Magnetic Drive (Red Pump) System and that by examination or photogrammetry and it was determined that diameter was 17 inches.

If  1/2  inch tubing is used the construction, what would be the diameter of the middle loop?

The radius  of the middle loop is moved in by 1/2 inch because of the width of the outer loop or to put it another way, the diameter of the middle loop would be 16 inches measured across its outside  By a similar reasoning, the innermost loop is  or about 15 inches in diameter.

So the length the spiral is approximately ( 15 + 16 + 17) times Pi.   Now Stan Meyer for reasons of type of pump used (B-500) had input and output connections at right angles)then some portions of the spiral had four loops instead of three so adjustments will have to be made for this added length.   The total length of is important because this is used in the calculations for the volume of gas or ferrofluid being used and also in the calculations for inductance and the number windings for the coils as well as the length of wire required for making the windings.

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epg coil tap termnals.jpg                                                                                         
1. Dealership Sales Manual (Third Edition) 1986  p. J9  or   WFC Memo 418 Electrical Particle Generator  Appendix Fig. 27 " Mechanical Drive EPG
2, Canadian Patent  CA1213671A1 Electrical Particle Generator
3. Image Estate Visit image   jpg   DSC-178               06/13/2009 Top View Mechanical Drive EPG
4. Image Estate Visit image   jpg   DSC-167               06/13 /2009 Top View  EPG
5. Image Estate Visit image   jpg   Linear Drive EPG             2006 visit
6. Image Russ Greis replication Magnetic Drive EPG          Ref open-source-energy.orgStanley Meyer's  Multiple-Tier EPG as seen in the available imagery,(see attachment 1) shows vertical connections between the tiers.

One suggested design improvement to reduce flow turbulence is to angle the connection tubes between the tiers

By the use of  standard 45 degree angled pipe connectors, an angled connection tube between tiers would be possible..

Since the angle of the resulting connecting tubes would be 45 degrees, the draining of ferrofluid and flow of

the mag-gases would be improved,

The resulting likely increased velocity would result in an increase amount of induced current in the pickup coils

Since some the present designs and replications have an inter-tier spacings of 15.3 cm, the connecting tubes would

need to be increased or multiplied by the cosecant of 45 degrees or a factor  of 1.414 yielding 21.6 cm.

This would increase the flow distance each tier in the modeling by about 1.5%, which is felt to

be outweighed by the expected increase in flow rate..


A:  Correct, the cross-sectional area of the spiralled tubing is an important factor but as per documents the velocity
      is directly related to power output in the power output calculations.   So the suggestion is certainly worthy of consideration.
      see attachment 2

A: Correct, on the three phase systems, to maintain similarity of construction in the six tier  models, there is no need to increase TH1
     because despite the 45 degree angle in tier 1 connector  tube (part THC1), tangent of 45 degrees is still 1.00.  The inter-tier spacing
     in the construction  spreadsheet should be the same, although the construction materials list would need to be  adjusted as well
     as the parts lists.
 
     
A: good catch sandia24, ill  take a look the figure is off by of a factor of 1000, it may be because of a Teslsa to Weber conversion
      Weber to Tesla   or cm squared to meter squared conversion error??

A: for sandia24   Yes, the 45 angle connections are not coplanar because of the offset of the enter and exit openings
                            between the two tiers being connected. Basically if you are looking from the top of the multi tier
                            unit, you are joining an end of the spiral which is closer to the recycling tube to the opening of
                            the tier below which is further away from the recycling tube.

                            You can moving have the coplanar arrangement but this means the gas/slurry would
                            moving clockwise with every other tier moving counterclockwise.

                            The  idea is to have the drainage of the gas/slurry draining as water does as it goes down a sink
                            and not to change direction. For the slurry systems especially, you want to take advantage of
                            gravitation  without introducing  turbulence from oppositional flow direction

                            of course  the length of the tier connecting tubes need to be adjusted to allow for the offset angle
                            For the typical 15cm inter tier spacing , the offset is about 2.5 cm

A for sandia24    I think so because you want to take advantage of the momentum of the ferro-fluid as it drains
                            In the UK and across the pod in the US, the pipe  bends are either 45 or 90 degrees so I think
                            that the 45 degree solution is the most practical in terms of part acquisition. I'm not sure about
                           the drainage direction.  Depending on the hemisphere , direction of maelstrom or whirlpools
                          tend  to be CW in one and CCW in the other but with the assembly  be mindful
                           of the  direction  of the spiraled tiers with the top tier having the inlet closest to the central
                           recovery tube Top down flow consistent with Coriolis effect.??
 
7. Image Estate Visit image jpg DSC-179 B500 pump with 90 degree angle inlet and outlet ports-
8. Image Estate Visit
9. EPG Electrical Magnetic Gas Accelerator   Fig. 28.  Line Drawing  Dealership Manual  p J9 and WFC Memo 418 Appendix
10. EPG Photon Gas Accelerator                     Fig. 29.  Dealership Manual   p..J12 and WFC Memo 418 Appendix
11  EPG Magnetic Field Spin Generator          Fig. 30.  Dealership Manual and WFC Memo 418 Appendix
12.Image video clip from Deercreek Sermon and Seminar (Part 1)
13. SM 84-02 video
14.
15.
16. EPG  velocity doc.
17.
18.[/color][/color][/color]

EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
EPG Magnetic Gas Power plant
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